EXERCISE- 2

Learning Objectives

In this exercise you will become familiar with the following:

• Modern Day Treaties (introduction)
• Homeschooling- INTERVIEW with Del Blaney
• Indigenous Populations by the numbers
• INTERVIEW with Ta’Kaiya Blaney on:
• Idol No More
• Music and Expression
• Fighting for the Environment
• Earth Revolution

THE MODERN DAY TREATY

WHAT IS A MODERN DAY TREATY?

Modern treaties are nation-to-nation relationships between Indigenous peoples, the federal and provincial Crown and in some cases, a territory. These treaties enable Indigenous peoples to rebuild their communities and nations on their own terms. The first modern treaty came into effect in 1975, and the latest modern treaty to come into effect was in 2016.

Modern treaties define the land and resource rights of Indigenous signatories, and are intended to improve the social, cultural, political, and economic well-being of the Indigenous peoples concerned.

Also known as comprehensive land claim agreements, modern treaties are generally signed where Indigenous title and rights have not been settled.

To date, 26 modern treaties have been concluded between the Crown and Indigenous peoples, covering over 40 percent of Canada’s land mass.

More modern treaties will be signed in the coming years; more than 70 Indigenous groups are currently negotiating modern treaties with the Government of Canada.

Modern treaties address such matters as:

• Ownership and use of land, water and natural resources, including the subsurface
• Management of land, water, and natural resources, including fish and wildlife
• Harvesting of fish and wildlife
• Environmental protection and assessment
• Economic development
• Employment
• Government contracting
• Capital transfers
• Royalties from resource development
• Impact benefit agreements
• Parks and conservation areas
• Social and cultural enhancement
• The continuing application of ordinary Indigenous and other general programming and funds
• Self-government and public government arrangements

MODERN TREATY TIMELINE

TAKE A FREE ONE-HOUR COURSE ON MODERN DAY TREATIES AT: http://landclaimscoalition.ca/modern-treaty/

TLA’AMIN NATION MODERN DAY TREATY

Tla'amin Nation entered the British Columbia treaty process in May 1994. Treaty negotiations concluded when Canada, British Columbia and Tla'amin Nation initialled the Final Agreement on October 21, 2011.

Tla'amin members approved the Final Agreement through a community vote on July 10, 2012. On March 14, 2013, the Tla'amin Final Agreement Act, British Columbia's legislation ratifying the Final Agreement, received Royal Assent. On June 19, 2014, the Tla'amin Final Agreement Act, Canada's legislation ratifying the Final Agreement, received Royal Assent.

The Tla'amin treaty operates within the framework of the Constitution of Canada. Within that framework, Tla'amin Nation has the authority to make laws in many areas of jurisdiction that are traditionally federal, provincial and municipal in nature.

The Tla'amin Final Agreement clearly defines Tla'amin Nation's rights throughout its traditional territory, which covers about 609,000 hectares, including rights related to fishing, gathering and harvesting, as well as the ownership and management of mineral, forestry and other resources on treaty settlement lands.

The Tla'amin treaty and associated agreements present Tla'amin Nation with modern governance tools, coupled with funds, to generate increased economic vitality. It also makes the nation an equal partner in government-to-government relationships with Canada and British Columbia.

To find out more:

• Tla'amin Final Agreement: General Overview
• Tla'amin Final Agreement: Introduction
• Tla'amin Final Agreement: Certainty

SOURCE

https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1460134560857/14...

DISCUSSION POINT: IS LAND AND TERRITORY A FABRIC OF INDIGENOUS IDENTITY?

DISCUSSION POINT: IS THE EDUCATION SYSTEM AND CANADA'S HISTORY NATIONALISTIC?

DISCUSSION POINT: WHAT IS THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF THE WORLD, CANADA AND U.S?

Indigenous populations by the numbers

Indigenous peoples, also known as first peoples, aboriginal peoples or native peoples, are ethnic groups who are the original inhabitants of a given region, in contrast to groups that have settled, occupied or colonized the area more recently. Groups are usually described as indigenous when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region. Not all indigenous peoples share this characteristic, usually having adopted substantial elements of a colonising culture, such as dress, religion or language. Indigenous peoples may be settled in a given region (sedentary) or exhibit a nomadic lifestyle across a large territory, but they are generally historically associated with a specific territory on which they depend. Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world.

Since indigenous peoples are often faced with threats to their sovereignty, economic well-being and their access to the resources on which their cultures depend, political rights have been set forth in international law by international organizations such as the United Nations, the International Labour Organization and the World Bank. The United Nations has issued a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) to guide member-state national policies to the collective rights of indigenous people, such as culture, identity, language and access to employment, health, education and natural resources. Estimates put the total population of indigenous peoples from 220 million to 350 million.

International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples is celebrated on 9 August each year.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples

Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

The population figures for indigenous peoples in the Americas before the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus have proven difficult to establish. Scholars rely on archaeological data and written records from settlers from the Old World. Most scholars writing at the end of the 19th century estimated that the pre-Columbian population was as low as 10 million; by the end of the 20th century most scholars gravitated to a middle estimate of around 50 million, with some historians arguing for an estimate of 100 million or more.[1] Contact with the New World led to the European colonization of the Americas, in which millions of immigrants from the Old World eventually settled in the New World.

The population of African and Eurasian peoples in the Americas grew steadily, while the indigenous population plummeted. Eurasian diseases such as influenza, bubonic plague and pneumonic plagues, yellow fever, smallpox, and malaria devastated the Native Americans, who did not have immunity to them. Conflict and outright warfare with Western European newcomers and other American tribes further reduced populations and disrupted traditional societies. The extent and causes of the decline have long been a subject of academic debate, along with its characterization as a genocide.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_o...

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE of CANADA

STATISTICS CANADA : (2106)

Aboriginal people – Diverse groups living across the country

• New data from the National Household Survey (NHS) show that 1,400,685 people had an Aboriginal identity in 2011, representing 4.3% of the total Canadian population. Aboriginal people accounted for 3.8% of the population enumerated in the 2006 Census, 3.3% in the 2001 Census and 2.8% in the 1996 Census.
• The Aboriginal population increased by 232,385 people, or 20.1% between 2006 and 2011, compared with 5.2% for the non-Aboriginal population.
• The largest numbers of Aboriginal people lived in Ontario and the western provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia). Aboriginal people made up the largest shares of the population of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.

First Nations people

• In 2011, 851,560 people identified as a First Nations person, representing 60.8% of the total Aboriginal population and 2.6% of the total Canadian population.
• Many First Nations people lived in Ontario and the western provinces, but they made up the largest shares of the total population of the Northwest Territories, Yukon, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
• In 2011, 637,660 First Nations people reported being Registered Indians, representing 74.9% of all First Nations people, 45.5% of the total Aboriginal population and 1.9% of the total Canadian population.
• One-quarter of First Nations people (213,900) were not Registered Indians, representing 15.3% of the total Aboriginal population and less than 1% of the total Canadian population.

Métis

• In 2011, 451,795 people identified as Métis. They represented 32.3% of the total Aboriginal population and 1.4% of the total Canadian population.
• Métis represented 8.0% of the total population of the Northwest Territories, 6.7% of Manitoba's population, and 5.2% of Saskatchewan's population.
• Among census metropolitan areas, Winnipeg had the highest population of Métis, 46,325 people, or 6.5% of its total population. It was followed by Edmonton with 31,780, Vancouver (18,485) and Calgary (17,040). In addition, 11,520 Métis lived in Saskatoon and 9,980 in Toronto.

Inuit

• In 2011, 59,445 people identified as Inuit. They represented 4.2% of the total Aboriginal population and 0.2% of the total Canadian population.
• Almost three-quarters of Inuit in Canada lived in Inuit Nunangat. Inuit Nunangat stretches from Labrador to the Northwest Territories and comprises four regions: Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut and the Inuvialuit region.

The Aboriginal population is young

• Aboriginal children aged 14 and under made up 28.0% of the total Aboriginal population and 7.0% of all children in Canada. Non-Aboriginal children aged 14 and under represented 16.5% of the total non-Aboriginal population.
• Aboriginal youth aged 15 to 24 represented 18.2% of the total Aboriginal population, and 5.9% of all youth in Canada. Non-Aboriginal youth accounted for 12.9% of the total non-Aboriginal population.
• About 6% of the total Aboriginal population were seniors aged 65 and over, less than half of the proportion of seniors in the non-Aboriginal population (14.2%).
• Inuit had a median age of 23, the youngest of the three Aboriginal groups. The median age of First Nations people was 26, followed by Métis at 31.

Living arrangements of Aboriginal children

• Aboriginal children aged 14 and under in Canada lived in a variety of arrangements, primarily in families with either both of their parents or with lone-parents. Other Aboriginal children in that age group were stepchildren, grandchildren living with grandparents with no parent present, foster children or children living with other relatives.
• One-half of Aboriginal children aged 14 and under (49.6%) were living in a family with both their parents, either biological or adoptive, compared with three-quarters (76.0%) of non-Aboriginal children. About one-third of Aboriginal children (34.4%) lived in a lone-parent family compared with 17.4% of non-Aboriginal children.
• Almost half (48.1%) of all children aged 14 and under in foster care were Aboriginal children. Nearly 4% of Aboriginal children were foster children compared to 0.3% of non-Aboriginal children.

http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm

NATIVE AMERICANS in the UNITED STATES

Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous peoples of the United States. There are over 500 federally recognized tribes within the U.S., about half of which are associated with Indian reservations. The term excludes Native Hawaiians and some Alaska Natives.

The ancestors of modern Native Americans arrived in what is now the United States at least 15,000 years ago, possibly much earlier, from Asia via Beringia. A vast variety of peoples, societies and cultures subsequently developed. Native Americans were greatly affected by the European colonization of the Americas, which began in 1492, and their population declined precipitously due to introduced diseases, warfare, and slavery. After the founding of the United States, many Native American peoples were subjected to warfare, removals, and one-sided treaties, and they continue to suffer from discriminatory government policies today. Since the 1960s, Native American self-determination movements have resulted in many changes to the lives of Native Americans, though there are still many contemporary issues faced by Native Americans. Today, there are over five million Native Americans in the United States.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States

DISCUSSION POINT: WHAT IS THE REFERENCE POINT OF INDIGENOUS IDENTITY?